The umbrella arch system, also known as the canopy tube method, is increasingly utilized in tunnel construction, particularly in geologically challenging or high-risk areas. This technique involves the strategic installation of a protective arch of steel pipes, often referred to as "canopy tubes" or "spiles," around the tunnel’s excavation perimeter. The primary purpose of this system is to stabilize the surrounding ground and mitigate the risk of surface subsidence, which could otherwise lead to structural damage to buildings or infrastructure located above the tunnel route. The selection of the appropriate pipe diameter is crucial, as it directly impacts both the structural integrity and economic viability of the project. A properly dimensioned umbrella arch system can significantly enhance tunnel stability by distributing loads and reducing deformation within the tunnel lining. Conversely, undersized pipes may compromise the system's effectiveness, while oversized pipes can lead to unnecessary cost increases and extended project timelines. Thus, the choice of pipe diameter must balance the technical demands of the ground conditions with the project's budgetary and scheduling constraints. In summary, the umbrella arch system is a vital component in modern tunnel construction, particularly in areas with poor ground conditions, as it offers an effective means of protecting both the tunnel and the structures above it from potential damage.